MALARIA

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of unicellular microorganism) of the genus Plasmodium. Commonly, the disease is transmitted by a bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person's circulatory system. Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be transmitted by humans. The vast majority of deaths are caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax, while P. ovale, and P. malariae cause a generally milder form of malaria that is rarely fatal. In the blood, the parasites travel to the liver to mature and reproduce. Malaria is common in tropical and subtropical regions because rainfall, warm temperatures, and stagnant waters provide an environment ideal for mosquito larvae but however, disease transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by using mosquito nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water. Despite a need, no effective vaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS.
A malaria infection is generally characterized by recurrent attacks with the following signs and symptoms:
•Moderate to severe shaking chills
•High fever
•Profuse sweating as body temperature falls

Other signs and symptoms may include:
•Headache
•Vomiting
•Diarrhea

Malaria signs and symptoms typically begin within a few weeks after being bitten by an infected mosquito. However, some types of malaria parasites can lie dormant in your body for months, or even years.

PREVENTION.
Methods used to prevent malaria include medications, mosquito elimination and the prevention of bites. There is no vaccine for malaria. The presence of malaria in an area requires a combination of high human population density, high anopheles mosquito population density and high rates of transmission from humans to mosquitoes and from mosquitoes to humans. If any of these is lowered sufficiently, the parasite will eventually disappear from that area, as happened in North America, Europe and parts of the Middle East. However, unless the parasite is eliminated from the whole world, it could become re-established if conditions revert to a combination that favours the parasite's reproduction. Furthermore, the cost per person of eliminating anopheles mosquitoes rises with decreasing population density, making it economically unfeasible in some areas.

MOSQUITO CONTROL
Vector control refers to methods used to decrease malaria by reducing the levels of transmission by mosquitoes. For individual protection, the most effective insect repellents are based on DEET or picaridin. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have been shown to be highly effective in preventing malaria among children in areas where malaria is common. Prompt treatment of confirmed cases with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) may also reduce transmission. spraying of insecticides on the walls inside a home. After feeding, many mosquito rest on a nearby surface while digesting the bloodmeal, so if the walls of houses have been coated with insecticides, the resting mosquitoes can be killed before they can bite another person and transfer the malaria parasite

TREATMENT.
Malaria is treated with antimalarial medications; the ones used depends on the type and severity of the disease. Uncomplicated malaria may be treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for P. falciparum infection is the use of artemisinins in combination with other antimalarials (known as artemisinin-combination therapy, or ACT), which decreases resistance to any single drug component.[ Infection with P. vivax, P. ovale or P. malariae is usually treated without the need for hospitalization. Treatment of P. vivax requires both treatment of blood stages (with chloroquine or ACT) as well as clearance of liver forms with primaquine.

Recommended treatment for severe malaria is the intravenous use of antimalarial drugs. For severe malaria, artesunate is superior to quinine in both children and adults.Treatment of severe malaria involves supportive measures that are best done in a critical care unit. This includes the management of high fevers and the seizures that may result from it. It also includes monitoring for poor breathing effort, low blood sugar, and low blood potassium.

Mouth Ulcer (PART 2)

What are the symptoms of mouth ulcers?

You may have a mouth ulcer if you have:

 v  A painful sore or sores inside your mouth, on the tongue, soft palate (the back portion of the roof of your mouth), or inside your cheeks.

 v  Sores in your mouth that are round, white, or grey in colour, with a red edge or border.

In severe mouth ulcer attacks, you may also experience:

 v  Fever

 v  Physical sluggishness

                                                                           v  Swollen lymph nodes

How are mouth ulcers treated?

Pain from a mouth ulcer generally lessens in a few days and the sores usually heal without treatment in about a week or two. If sores are large, painful or persistent, your dentist may prescribe an antimicrobial mouth rinse, a corticosteroid ointment, or a prescription or non-prescription solution to reduce the pain and irritation.

Can mouth ulcers be prevented?

Although there is no cure for mouth ulcers and they often reoccur, you may be able to reduce their
frequency with good dental hygiene and by:

v  Avoiding foods that irritate your mouth, including acidic or spicy foods

v  Avoiding irritation from gum chewing

v  Brushing with a soft-bristled brush after meals and flossing daily, which will keep your mouth free of foods that might trigger a sore.

                                                                                                   

Seek medical advice about mouth ulcers if you have:

v  Unusually large sores

v  Sores that are spreading

v  Sores that last three weeks or longer

v  Intolerable pain despite avoiding trigger foods and taking over-the-counter pain medication

v  Difficulty drinking enough fluids

v  A high fever with the appearance of the mouth ulcer(s)
   
     
       Your comments will be appreciated.

You can follow me on twitter @abolibot112 and also get more health tips on my facebook page  

      

EBOLA FACTS

All you need to know about Ebola Virus

• It is a Central African disease that has traveled over countries in a living host to West Africa. 
• It is easily spread by physical contact and eating contaminated bush meat. 
• Major hosts are in 5 species of Bats but monkeys and apes are easily infected and killed. 
• It kills in a week, leaving no time to treat an individual. 
• It has no known vaccine or cure. 
• Known cases have been experienced recently in Guniea, Liberia and Central Africa Rep, spreading eastwards and westwards towards Nigeria. 
• Death toll so far in West Africa is over 100. 
• The Ebola outbreak of 2014 is the most challenging one witnessed in Africa. What we can do? 
• 1. Avoid eating any bush meat for now! Especially Apes and Bats. 
• 2. Wash your hands as regularly as possible, especially after shaking a stranger. It is spread by contact. 
• 3.The most straightforward prevention method during Ebola outbreaks is not touching patients, their excretions, and body fluids, or possibly contaminated materials and utensils. 
• Patients should be isolated, and medical staff should be trained and apply strict barrier nursing techniques (disposable face mask, gloves, goggles, and a gown at all times). 
• Traditional burial rituals, especially those requiring embalming of bodies, should be discouraged or modified.
• Awareness is key, don't just read or ignore...spread this campaign before the virus spreads!

Information on Ebola Virus

The first case of Ebola virus has been reported in Ghana.  It is therefore safe to assume this virus is in Nigeria, knowing how frequently our people travel back and forth, to and from Ghana.
More importantly, the strain has similarities with other virus initially thus it might not be recognized early enough.
Please take the following precautions.
1. Wash your hands frequently
2. Get a hand sanitizer for people to use in your offices and homes. And let them know why.
3. Get one for your kids to use in school frequently, and if possible, one for their class, let them know why.
4. Be careful with hand railings, doors and other utilities used by the public.
5. Avoid bush meat or meat of which you are not sure of its source.
 Lastly, watch out for people with flu like symptoms such as fever, myalgia and malaise. Please note that it has no cure and lets educate people around us.

Mouth ulcer (PART 1)

Mouth ulcers are painful round or oval sores that form in the mouth, most often on the inside of the cheeks or lips. They're usually white, red, yellow or grey in colour and are inflamed (red and swollen) around the edge.                                                                                        Although mouth ulcers can be uncomfortable, especially when you eat, drink or brush your teeth, they are usually harmless.

Most mouth ulcers will clear up by themselves within a week or two. You only need to seek medical attention if the ulcer gets worse or lasts for longer than three weeks, or if you develop ulcers regularly.

Mouth ulcers cannot be caught from someone else. Up to 1 in 5 people get recurrent mouth ulcers.

Types of mouth ulcer:

The main types of mouth ulcer are:

Minor ulcers: These are around 2-8mm in diameter and usually clear up in 10 days to 2 weeks.

Major ulcers: These are bigger and deeper, often with a raised or irregular border. This type of ulcer can take several weeks to heal and may leave a scar in the mouth.

Herpetiform ulcers: This type of ulcer is a cluster of dozens of smaller sores the size of pinheads.

What causes mouth ulcers?

The exact cause of most mouth ulcers is unknown. Stress or tissue injury is thought to be the cause of simple mouth ulcers. Certain foods, including citrus or acidic fruits and vegetables (such as lemons, oranges, pineapples, apples, figs, tomatoes and strawberries), can trigger a mouth ulcer or make the problem worse. 

Sometimes a sharp tooth surface or dental appliance, such as braces or ill-fitting dentures, might also trigger mouth ulcers.

Some cases of complex mouth ulcers are caused by an underlying health condition, such as an impaired immune system; nutritional problems, such as vitamin B-12, zinc, folic acid, or iron deficiency and gastrointestinal tract disease, such as Coeliac disease and Crohn's disease.

When you first quit smoking, you may develop more mouth ulcers than normal, but this is temporary.

Some medications, including common pain killers, beta-blockers and some chest pain medicines may cause a reaction that leads to mouth ulcers.

                                                                                                               to be continued

 Your comments will be appreciated.

You can also follow me on twitter @abolibot112 and also get more health tips on my facebook page

Mouth Odour (Halitosis)

I received a mail yesterday evening from a regular reader of my blog and she asked me some important questions. As a result of those questions, I would like to treat HALITOSIS (bad breath) one more time. If you missed the first part of halitosis (bad breath) click here. If you also missed the second part, click here.

 WHAT HEALTH PROBLEMS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH BAD BREATH?

Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth may be warning signs of gum (periodontal) disease. Gum disease is caused by the buildup of plaque on teeth. The bacteria cause toxins to form in the mouth, which irritate the gums. If gum disease continues untreated, it can damage the gums and jawbone.

Other dental causes of bad breath include poorly fitting dental appliances, yeast infections of the mouth, and dental caries.

The medical condition dry mouth (also called xerostomia) can also cause bad breath. Saliva is necessary to moisten and cleanse the mouth by neutralizing acids produced by plaque and washing away dead cells that accumulate on the tongue, gums, and cheeks. If not removed, these cells decompose and can cause bad breath. Dry mouth may be caused by the side effects of various medications, salivary gland problems, or continuous breathing through the mouth.

Many other diseases and illnesses may cause bad breath. Here are some to be aware of:

·         respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia or bronchitis,

·         chronic sinus infections,

·         postnasal drip,

·         diabetes,

·         chronic acid reflux, and

·          liver or kidney problems.

Does bad breath come from other sources than the mouth?

Bad breath also may occur in people who have a medical infection, diabetes, kidney failure or a liver malfunction. Xerostomia (dry mouth) and tobacco also contribute to this problem. Cancer patients who undergo radiation therapy may experience dry mouth. Even stress, dieting, snoring, age and hormonal changes can have an effect on your breath. An odor that comes from the back of your tongue may indicate postnasal drip. This is where mucus secretion, which comes from the nose and moves down your throat, gets stuck on the tongue and causes an odour.

Why is saliva so important in the fight against bad breath?

Saliva is the key ingredient in your mouth that helps keep the odour under control because it helps wash away food particles and bacteria, the primary cause of bad breath. When you sleep, however, salivary glands slow down the production of saliva, allowing the bacteria to grow inside the mouth. To alleviate "morning mouth," brush your teeth and eat a morning meal. Morning mouth also is associated with hunger or fasting. Those who skip breakfast, beware, because the odour may reappear even if you've brushed your teeth.

Do certain foods cause bad breath?

Very spicy foods, such as onions and garlic, and coffee may be detected on a person's breath for up to 72 hours after digestion. Onions, for example, are absorbed by the stomach, and the odour is then excreted through the lungs. Studies even have shown that garlic rubbed on the soles of the feet can show up on the breath.

 

How do I control bad breath?

It is important to practice good oral hygiene, such as brushing and flossing your teeth at least twice a day. Proper brushing, including brushing the tongue, cheeks and the roof of the mouth, will remove bacteria and food particles. Flossing removes accumulated bacteria, plaque and food that may be trapped between teeth. To alleviate odours, clean your tongue with your toothbrush or a tongue scraper, a plastic tool that scrapes away bacteria that builds on the tongue. Chewing sugar-free gum also may help control odour. If you have dentures or a removable appliance, such as a retainer or mouth guard, clean the appliance thoroughly before placing it back in your mouth. Before you use mouth rinses, deodorizing sprays or tablets, talk with your dentist, because these products only mask the odour temporarily and some products work better than others.

What is my dentist's role?

Visit your dentist regularly, because checkups will help detect any physical problems. Checkups also help get rid of the plaque and bacteria that build up on your teeth. If you think that you suffer from bad breath, your dentist can help determine its source. He or she may ask you to schedule a separate appointment to find the source of the odour. Or, if your dentist believes that the problem is caused from a systemic (internal) source, such as an infection, he or she may refer you to your physician or a specialist to help remedy the cause of the problem.

Your comments will be appreciated.

You can follow me on twitter @abolibot112 and also get more health tips on my facebook page